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The fundamental building blocks of electricity are atoms [], composed of a nucleus containing neutrons (no charge) and positively charged protons, orbited by negatively charged electrons []. Electrons travel in orbital shells at nearly light speed, attracted to the protons []. Materials differ based on how tightly their atoms hold electrons; conductors have loosely bound electrons in their outer valence shell that can flow to other atoms, while insulators lack these free electrons [].
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The fundamental building blocks of electricity are atoms [], composed of a nucleus containing neutrons (no charge) and positively charged protons, orbited by negatively charged electrons []. Electrons travel in orbital shells at nearly light speed, attracted to the protons []. Materials differ based on how tightly their atoms hold electrons; conductors have loosely bound electrons in their outer valence shell that can flow to other atoms, while insulators lack these free electrons [].